YOU talkin' to ME?!? The gospel according to Travis Bickle

Mr. Scorsese and Mr. DeNiro, my apologies; this has nothing to do with the film "Taxi Driver."

An excerpt from-
Fr. Robert Barron’s CATHOLICISM: A JOURNEY TO THE HEART OF THE FAITH

“…(W)hat is love? As I’ve said previously, love is not primarily a feeling or emotion…it is willing the good of the other as other. When we love, we escape the black hole of our own clinging egoism and live for someone else; to love is to leap ecstatically out of the self.
And this is why, Paul explains, “Love is patient, love is kind” (I Cor 13:4). Many of us are good or just to someone else so that he or she, in turn, might be or just to us. This is not love, but rather indirect egotism. When we are caught in the rhythm of that sort of reciprocal exchange, we are very impatient with any negative response to a positive overture that we have made. If someone responds to our kindness with hostility or even indifference, we quickly withdraw our benevolence. But the person characterized by true love is not interested in reciprocation but simply in the good of the other, and there he is willing to wait out any resistance. He is long-suffering and kind. This is also why, as Paul insists, “[love] is not jealous, [it] is not pompous, it is not inflated” (I Cor 13;4). Gore Vidal, the American novelist, described with admirable honesty the feeling of envy this way: “when a friend of mine succeeds, something in me dies.” True love hasn’t a thing to do with this sort of resentment, for it wants the success of the other. And the person who loves is not conceited, because she feels no need to raise herself above the other. Just the contrary: she wants the other to be elevated, and hence she takes the lower place with joy….
Because the one who loves is not focused on himself but on the object of his love….he looks ahead, hoping against hope, attending to the needs of the one he loves…

In heaven…even faith will end, …hope will end….but love will endure, because heaven is love. Heaven is the state of being in which everything that is not love has been burned away.”

As has been denoted, debated, debunked, decried and all sorts of other “de-“ prefixed terms on many blog, forum and webnews sites, the so-called “Echo Chamber” more than ever resounds with pettiness, bickering, insinuation if not libelous ad hominems hurled around the compass. And it all has to do with religion! Of all things, RELIGION! And of course, for we who call ourselves in and by His Name, Christians, this is a deplorable state of abject misery to witness. Fr. Barron himself has been a scorned and maligned object of hateful and repugnant rhetoric, none of which he earned, nor should or could he have been regarded as a justifiable target of personal derision. We have seen and heard, then accepted without challenge, assaults upon any and all folks whom WE let into our homes after opening the cyber doors of our monitor screens, and then more often than not (and under the cloak of the walls within of cyber distance, assailed and lectured these alter Christis (Mt. 25) about anything we deem to find unworthy or distasteful we can manufactor and then project from our hard hearts and minds all manner of vitriol and venom. Even within the universally acknowledged beauty of the art of music, one cannot find a forum dealing with the myriad concerns about the greatest type of music, sacred music, without some measure of rancor injected into the discourse.
My friends and colleagues in ecclesia, in musica, are we no longer able to look into the mirror of our souls that is given us by St. Paul in I Cor 13? How do any of us prosper by parcing each other into division based upon human principles or perceptions alone? Why bother to open the Bible, or a Breviary or Missal at all, if we are unable to accept being convicted by each and every word written therein?
This issue is not about civility, manners, etiquette or even charity/(ironically “caritas.”) This issue really is not about even “love” per se as a terminal concern. This issue is about life itself, both in this plane of existence and in the next, if we truly aspire to live “in love” for eternity.
I don’t know what else can be said.

The Eighteen Year Old K.I.A. I Wished I Could Have Been

Since I'm sort of flying under the radar with my own thoughts these days, I simply want to say that the biggest brain and commonnest sense in RCC's St. Blogs now belongs to Marc Barnes
at BAD CATHOLIC .
I'd pay a dollar to hear the yelps, howls and primal outrage screams were Fr. AWR brave enough to reprint the above post by young Marc.

Bishop Ochoas' Mass of Installation

There's no bittersweet tale here to tell. Despite any reservations about musical or liturgical elements that I personally may have had prior and now afterwards, the experience proved as legitimate worship as I've experienced in my life, including a personal "breakthrough" Usus Antiquior Mass at Pittsburgh last June that laid me low before God. I'm not discomfited because I've been around the block, I live and breathe liturgy, worshipping God in ritual is the highest form of human metaphysical expression there is, and the Church founded by Christ upon the shoulders and sore wit of Simon bar Jonah Cephas was very alive and well in the ash groves of Fresno this afternoon.
Off the top- Bp. Ochoa is as engaging a priest, celebrant and shepherd at first glance as I've encountered in 42 years. He was in no way the caricature that has sprung up from the web accounts of the troubling realtionship he's engaged in with a former pastor in El Paso; and frankly, what prejudice I may have allowed into my heart as regards his very essence as a fellow Christian and an ordained apostle in succession to Christ.

Liturgically and musically, the assemblage of musicians, acolytes (seminarians) and deacons, rendered their duties with surety, confidence and moments of visceral, actual brilliance. No, there was no chant save for some brief celebrant (Ochoa) orations, the repertoire was tilted towards the 80's with some nominal exceptions (which were, to me, just as objectionable: a romantic German hymn messed up by Montani) that were, nonetheless, tendered with as much accuracy and attention that the disparate group of parish directors could muster. One has to remember, Fresno is (I'm not happy to admit) still a liturgical backwater. But, the significance of this appointment (IT HAS TO WORK!) and a simple joie d'vivre enabled the choir to up its game quite significantly. I've seen and heard lesser liturgies on EWTN on festal days. And, compared to the Sistine Screamers, it's easy to be thankful for the restraint and humility of the musicians. And that "holy humility" factor is almost as integral to our local musicians that fretting about "how they'll come off" to a YouTube universal audience doesn't even register, and for moi (who's always aware of the global gestalt), that's refreshing. Fresno people are, if nothing else, real folk who appreciate and celebrate simple joys and accomplishments, regardless of the elite snobbery that has also been part and parcel of our Church since day One (see "Paul, formerly Saul of Tarsus").

Anyway, the one thing I learned a long time ago as a child, which is still of great value today is appreciate and execute whatever task comes to your "plate" with as much zeal and vigor as Christ affords us. In the end, whether it's "All are welcome" or "Jubilate, servite," it does no one no good to purposefully denigrate or subvert the intentions of honest believers and worshippers.

For my part, this was a one time offer. I can't afford at may age and with my duties to increase my availability or influence in how the diocese decides its liturgical future, unless asked with serious interest. Our diocese needs to grow up in many ways liturgically. Yet, let no one say that we dishonored or demeaned our responsibilities while in the actual worship moment.
Like Simeon and Mary Magdalen, now and again I have seen the Lord. And should He call this  servant to depart in peace, what happened today did not disturb my peace.o

PS
Bp. Ochoa came and greeted the choir prior to the Mass and said "Bear with me, I haven't gotten used to the cadences of the new Missal." Poppycock. He had it down pat.
And better news, take note ye at the PTB "loyal opposition", every congregational response was not only verbatim aligned with the revised translations, but were offered with ease and verve. And Bp. Ochoa's cadence and familiarity with MR3 proved effortless and solemnly rendered.
Can you possibly get over yourselves now? If this can evolve in Fresno. well.....

Pray, tell….

I haven’t the foggiest recollection when I first heard that lovely invocation. Was it in high school somewhere in the three years of drama classes? Earlier in a required novel in Jr.High? Doesn’t matter, really. It struck me as so quaint, so colloquial (words I understood as a young boy), this “pray, tell…” It encapsulated a feeling that could also blossom into other words like “beckoning, entreaty, compact” and so forth.

So when Fr. Anthony Ruff started up his blog brand as “PRAY TELL,” I anticipated good things to come, new words, wisdom and wit over old ideas and thoughts about worship. I also thought “How clever of Fr. Ruff. Pray, tell….ah, the inside scoop!”
So, it grieves me to call into question the veracity of intention and very integrity of what purports to be simply a forum for worship, wisdom and wit about liturgy, ecclesiology, moral theology and, above all, faith. What I’m issuing is not a “hit piece” born out of frustration or “sour grapes” from having been rebuffed there, insulted or otherwise marginalized. (In fact, I loathe the cloak of victimization as a rationale for words and deeds as a reaction. However, to me it seems that so much bandwidth by the regular habitués are quite motivated, admit it or not, by their perceptions of victimization.) No, this amounts to my last love letter to an ideal and the people whom I trusted shared in some basic Christian tenets, both in philosophy, disciplines and behaviors; this was an unrequited love, to sound maudlin.
Example:


A New Year’s Resolution: Charity in Discussion- Jan 4
Posted by Other Voices in Uncategorized
18 Comments


This reprinted post, prefaced by Fr. Ruff, made quite a splash and subsequent vortex rings in many other Catholic (liturgy) blogs. The perspective of my good friend Todd Flowerday at CATHOLIC SENSIBILITY had the most resonance for me. He seems to be questioning the timing of the PTB post’s unveiling, but I think the truth of the matter he makes in his last statement sentence of this excerpt:

And perhaps there is something self-serving in a public resolution to good (or improved) behavior. I cannot say I will be joining those who are suggesting better behavior just because the clicker changed from a 1 to a 2, or December is rolled over into the month of the two-faced god. Maybe Janus is a caution for those of us who have less than pure intentions to our intentions.What can I say for myself, then? This blog is mainly about the liturgy and other aspects of church ministry and theology that appeal to me.

PRAY TELL has made that extraordinary splash into Catholic Blogdom’s Q factor, primarily via the sequential scaffolding of articles and opinions calling into question and unrestrained (in a manners) criticism of all things concerning the roll out of the Third Typical Edition of the English language Roman Missal, from process, people and politics, to content, contentiousness and conspiracies. For over two years enough hay was raised to feed every cow in every dairy from California to Wisconsin in hundreds of articles. And most of those articles resulted in literally hundreds of combox replies that ran the entire gamut and spectrum of opinion, dogmatic declarations, reportage from all points of the English compass, some of whose authors’ identity was protected (contrary to the blog’s own founding stipulations regarding transparency) and a great deal of scholarly postulation and displays of such prowess that was often left undisguised to suppress any practical plebian concerns by the scholastically infirm or unwashed.

Now, just for fun, scroll up at the headline of the January 4th posting, re-read the title to get its gist, and then count the number of responses. And make your own conclusion, do your own math, pray tell what you think the interest level towards this resolution garnered among the well-known illuminati of PTB?
Of course, you might think you know what I’m thinking. You’d be wrong. In my heart, I believe were someone to cull through my combox replies and my personal emails to Fr. Anthony and his fellow editor Ms. Ferrone, they’d find a consistent call for both clarity as well as charity. Which leads me to ask, not answer, why were there only a handful of folks interested in re-orienting the discourse at PTB towards the original author’s admonitions? I would have wanted hundreds to match the volume of those (quite vitriolic), armed with pedigrees and credibility in all sorts of ivory towers, libraries and lecture halls, but who rarely displayed any evidence of humility such as if they were standing at the narthex doors of the Dom in Cologne, and all that they noticed was that those doors hadn’t be laquered properly and outrage demands accountability and redress!
Evidence: One of those who did respond to the January 4th post:
This sort of reaction was also not foreign to many such sentiments in the PTB comboxes. And, as in this case, it remains unmitigated, un-noticed and un-challenged within the context of PTB being a “Catholic Blog” in principle. (And please, deconstructing that presumption as argument is pointless and disingenuous, I don’t see a point in “going there.”) Abetting this sort of mob mentality cum American feistiness cum French Revolution “Off with their heads” sentiment are many more posts by academics who routinely demean men who’ve received holy orders by insinuations over their dressage, their orthodoxy, their commitment to be servants of the servants, and come close to edge of invoking Godwin's Law with subtexts under those insinuations. But these and other sympathizers simultaneously hoist Fr. Anthony and others who were rightly subjected to blatant injustices on their shoulders as the peoples’ champions. Who is to make sense of this rabble? Fr. Anthony, you, me? Of course not. There is no sense, if a mob mentality, no matter how refined and tasteful it may appear, is in full place and force.

 Hang in there! We can overvome (sic) this ridiculous liturgical crackdown from the Rome. Let’s just keep praying that the next pope is a Vatican 2 pope. As an English speaking Catholic, I refuse to kneel at any part of the mass. When priests are required to kneel, then I’ll kneel. I knelt enough as a youngster and refuse to go there a again. We need to assert our baptismal rights at the table and stop walking on liturgical eggshells! WE are Church, NOT Rome! WE celebrate! WE believe!

Last evidence: Worship, Wit and Wisdom personified? An article appeared this morning at PTB republishing the thoughts of one Mr. Jeff DeGraft that recounts his apparent first encounter with the revised texts of MR3 in the Huffington Post. Mr. DeGraft is not a liturgist, though he does have scholarly degrees, and his article is definitely couched in terms that would identify him as a “reasonable man” who is a “person in the pew.” An excerpt from Mr. DeGraft’s account:

I was in a positively ebullient mood as I went off to Christmas Mass at St. Mary's with my family in tow. The senses were amped up for the big production: stained glass, plainsong, frankincense and myrrh -- the works…That's the rhythm of the Mass. You know the longest running show on Broadway -- everyone knows the words and sings along. But someone blew their lines. I believe it all started with the priest, or was it the Vatican, I'm not really sure. All I know is that is that in an instant the synchronized syllables became a mush of puffery as the congregation struggled to make sense of the whole mess.
Prayers aren't just words. They are the way we talk with God. That's the brand promise of the universal church -- like McDonald's, it's the same everywhere. You can attend Mass in an overcrowded parking lot in China where services are in Cantonese and not miss a beat -- I've done it. All together now -- stand, kneel, cross yourself and repeat after me.
So Mass is now new and improved but not necessarily the good kind. It's more like Michael Bolton's foppish cover of "Georgia on My Mind" (Senator, you're no Ray Charles) or maybe the introduction of New Coke (Young man, you will drink it and like it). Yes, that's it -- the New Mass as New Coke.
I never liked New Coke, so I didn't buy it. I just kept drinking the regular brew. Similarly, I suggest that we say our prayers in our own voice. If that's the old way, great, or if you are feeling particularly creative maybe you make up your own words - just like the big shots do. Or we can just leave the translating to God. Jeff DeGraft, Huffington Post Religion article, Jan 6 12

And, as if right on cue, PTB co-editor Rita Ferrone offered this huzzah to Mr. DeGraft's insight-

The comparison to New Coke was clever. I think he has put his finger on how a lot of people feel. (Note 11K facebook “likes.”) “Funny thing is that when you trust your people they have a tendency to return the favor.” Amen to that.

How does one reasonably discuss the ritual language at the center of our corporate prayer with a gentleman who, in the same breath, declares “Prayers aren't just words. They are the way we talk with God. That's the brand promise of the universal church -- like McDonald's…”? So, it appears that professorial pundit-level can condescend at will to such surface and superficial observation and analysis about cleverness, feelings and liking regarding the appropriate language with which we approach the "source and summit of our being." And who are the parties entered into a compact that presumes trust will be returned with favor? The institutional church and the faithful? The Sacrifice of the Holy Mass is now a contract over a human transaction of which the Lord God had no covenantal part, much less being regarded as Author and Giver?

And even more perplexing to me…? How does Fr. Anthony justify the evidence of a very unsteady, unjust and arbitrary hand at the editorial wheel of PTB, while demanding “evidence, please” of anyone who doesn’t cite when they surmise, and turning a deaf ear, like Captain Queeg (“The Caine Mutiny) to the sound advice of his subordinates who, like him, have made a covenant not only of loyalty to the chain of command (which on board is the confines of the ship) but to the highest authority, the Constitution?
I think if I ever encounter Fr. Anthony in any way again, and I do hope to as my respect for him will ever remain (like I said, this is a plea; if I didn’t care, I wouldn’t bother…), I hope to remember to invite him to allow a couple of hours one easy day, and put his feet up and take in a viewing of “The Caine Mutiny.”
Like Todd points out about resolutions on January 1, the image on the namesake coin for this month is of Janus, two faces not in opposition, but estranged from each others’ visage. Please render that coin to Caesar on my behalf, Fr. Anthony.

Beyond a "Good Cause"

There are benefits to living now.

Well, wasn't that cryptic as all get out? Thems that know me as the arduous skeptic optimist existentialist wastrel that I be are going "O dooty, he's on a rant again."
Not this time. By "now" I mean in this era of immediacy, particularly the bane of some and the very manna of many, that which is called "The social network." I mean, I've sworn to any that would listen that FACEBOOK is literally Satan's Little Black Book. Like, why would it need to singe its number into the scalps of little miscreant toddlers holding huge Bowie knives, or brand bar codes onto or into our dermal tissue when it has "followers?" Please.
I got egg on m'face. I hate eggs. All eggs, right out of the rear of a hen or poached in some Oster steamer. Eggs smell like sulfur (get it?). Eggsmell, cat pee, skunk emission? It's a draw.
But the egg on me face is that my eldest daughter put together a wonderful benefit concert of both seasonal (Christmas, secular and sacred) songs and "new" BroadwaChary favorites in JUST TWO WEEKS via Facebook to benefit our local Children's Hospital NICU unit. Both our grandsons were premies, but little JC was born at 26 weeks five years ago, and virtually lived in that NICU for three or four months. And then the inevitable respiratory problems surfaced that required a two year period in which JC was trached, and couldn't vocalize until after he'd turned two. (He hasn't stopped talking or singing since, though!)

Charlotte, second from right

Anyway, a local downtown eatery, renovated from many incarnations in a hundred year old building, graciously offered the space, and tons of people showed up. In less than two weeks, no formal publicity, and a lot of people from a thorough cross section of theatre people, church people, parent people with kids helped by Childrens' Hospital raised nearly a grand without breaking a sweat, and a great time had by all.
What I noticed from our proud parent perch back of the eatery house was that as soon as my daughter welcomed everyone with a song, she then invited the crowd to join in singing "It's beginning to look a lot like Christmas" every soul there took it up immediately. I couldn't help but wonder then why it seems like we in Catholic music ministry must often feel like by merely announcing or listing a hymn/carol/song whatever for our congregations that we're oral surgeons with halitosis threatening medieval tools and techniques upon the congregants'  sensibilities and comfort zones as if they were to undergo a root canal. I mean it's singing!
I can help make chanting "Attende Domine" a pleasant experience, if folks would just let their hair and pretense defenses down. But I think that's my point, yet again. It comes down to intent!
The audience for the benefit was there for a tangible, but TEMPORAL reason. But they meant to be there even after less than two weeks' notice. Roamin'-minded Catholics know that they can BE THERE each Lord's Day. And as I've stated before, my experience affirms that your guaran-darn-teed hunnerd percent partipatio actuoso Masses include HOLY THURSDAY, Thanksgiving Day and _____ (fill in your blank.)
Oh, and daily Mass. Daily Mass people are serious. As are TLM folk. Maybe the participation at those sorts of liturgies varies according to the "cheerleading" congnescenti who would likely point AK47's at anyone on Sunday not actually moving their lips during the singing of "All are welcome." It's about INTENT.
Well, my grandson and all those children across the globe who've been lifted from tragedy's clutches by the Childrens' Hospitals, Mayo Clinics, St. Jude's will hopefully pay it forward as my daughter is trying to do.
But I sure would like someone to explain to me how believers who fret, worry, obligate themselves, make cosmic bets or subscribe to existential superstitions in order NOT to be consigned to Hell or otherwise outside of whatever they imagine heaven to be, still and yet don't get that there's a whole lotta singin' goin' on in that very heaven, because that's what lovers do! They sing love songs to the ONE who gives meaning to their being creatures in creation, their creator. And perhaps they ought to remember that these angels and archangels, Thrones and Dominions who acclaim "Hosanna" without end may have harps in their duffel bags like popular culture has deluded us. But they also are a formidable host of fearful creatures who mean business more than any U.S. Navy Seal team.

Good on ye, my child. And thank you for using your gift to honor God, the real healer of our boy and millions of other children, with your voice. My advice for vocal laggards and zombies, get some voice lessons. And quick.

The Eleventh Hour?

In my four decades of directing music within the Church I've found that most thriving and viable music "ministries" offer some sort of pre-Midnight Mass performance. The most common is the devotional format of the service of Nine Lessons and Carols, modeled after the classic English order fashioned circa 1880. However, any number of variations on that service, or a simple concert that features prominent large works, or smaller anthems/motets in alternation with congregational carol-singing may even be more common than the Lessons format.
Over the two decades at our current parish, we have offered a separate concert event prior to Christmas that generally consists of a major cantata or large work, sometimes with solos, instrumental chamber works, organ compositions and the like interspersed within that model. We have also had years where the concert did not feature a large work or cantata, but had a thematic concept overarching a number of small choral pieces. Such themes included cultural components, styles and periods, specific composers or arrangers, traditional versus modern eras, etc. For example, in 2010 I programmed a concert featuring the works of American Catholic composers of the Victorian era to compliment the 150th anniversary of our parish's founding. That was a bit of a challenge to find significant counterparts to Peloquin from 1850 besides RoSewig et al, so I also tagged along some villancicos known to the missions in California at the time and a spiritual also sung in the era of the Civil War according to Higginson's bibliography.
This last year we held our seasonal concert early, which featured Vivaldi's GLORIA and the Bach MAGNIFICAT. It was a lovely, greatly attended event done well, but we decided initially not to repeat it in the eleventh hour prior to Midnight Mass for a number of sound reasons. Happily, our choir core has been together for 18 years, so once we were free of rehearsals for the "masterworks" concert we were able to prepare well about eight/nine pieces for the pre-Midnight portion of Christmas Eve.
My question to other choirmasters/directors: when you choose to do a "mixed bag" sort of pre-concert before Mass, whether Lessons-based or not, what criteria do you use, if any, that informs your repertoire choices? Do you place restrictions that are related or overlap from our "Catholic ethos" of chant/polyphony preference (even if carried through genetics to modern composers from Saint-Saens to Allen or McMillan)? Or do you allow some measure of "letting one's hair down" and admit pieces that don't have the catholic pedigree firmly in place? As mentioned, that could be spirituals, or gospel-infused arrangements and pieces (by great arrangers like Hogan, Hayes, Dillworth, Thomas), or other inculturated traditions such as Advent or Nativity villancicos, or carols from Hispanic traditions, Polish traditions and such, or generic but worthy new compositions by lower-tiered composers such as Leavitt, Courtney, Rutter, Chris Rice, Hillsongs or Culbreth ;-)?
I suppose what I'm asking amouts to whether such "devotional" or "inspirational" material that you as choirmaster deems to be worthy of public performance within the confines of your church building ought to be discerned also according to the tenets that we adhere to for actual worship at liturgy?

LA MORTE TI FA BELLA FINALE

As someone who inexplicably indulges and traffics in the acquisition of all things trivial, I had some sort of synapse short circuit that prompted me to somehow typify how I now regard an extremely popular denizen of liturgical pedants via the medium of film scenes that are memorable to me. Eureka! I think I found it. This scene is from the Robert Zemekis movie "Death Becomes Her" and occurs at the end of the film.
The two main characters, Madeline (Meryl Streep) and Helen (Goldie Hawn) were friends and rivals for the attention of Dr. Melville (Bruce Willis), a famed plastic surgeon whom they co-opted to keep their external beauty viable after they had taken a magic potion that grants eternal life, but then try and succeed to kill each other to garner his sole attention and access to his skills, as they're not really dead, but they can, indeed, decay if left unattended. Melville escapes their clutches, and we find Mad and Hel at his funeral 37 years later, harping at the back of the church during his funeral.
This seems like the perfect metaphor for a lot of what passes for meaningful discourse at this liturgical blog touting itself as a haven for worship, wit and wisdom. People can spend infinite amounts of time and treasure deconstructing and reconstructing all things godly and human, but it's inevitably all about superglue and bondo and paint jobs in this veil of tears. Ya gotta laugh, really. In honor of Dr. Xavier Rindfleisch's fondness for Roman Trattorias, the first clip of the scene below is in the Italian translated version (irony is like ozone, it's everywhere here and full of holes!)  I do have the same scene below the fake dialogue in the original English, beginning at 2':37"

Imagine if a portion of Mad and Hel's dialogue in this scene was lifted straight from the blog in question:

They are all good questions, and I doubt that we will ever know.The sloppy work of Vox Clara is leading presiders to make all sorts of “corrections” on the fly.

Yesterday I faced the fussy preces for Monday in the 4th week of advent. The only thing to do was to simplify them impromptu (a practice that is bound to produce muddles or theological errors) or to root around in the back of the old sacramentary for the bad 1973 versions, or to come armed with the 1998 versions, or to say a prayer of one’s own instead.
  

Thanks for reminding those of us who do not go to daily Mass and only have to content with weekly mediocrity that some people deal with this on a daily basis.  

The collects as printed are just unprayable.  My understanding is that Vox Clara, operating in strict secrecy, made some 10,000 changes to the ICEL text. Some of these introduced mistranslations, some added heretical content and now, as we have learned today, some added “we pray” in curious places. It hardly seems plausible that the interventions were accidental; and in any event, the whole procedure of central checking and approval is supposed to ensure that such “accidents” don’t happen.